Influencing Factors of Delayed Diagnosis of COVID-19 in Gangwon, South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting
2.2. Data Source
2.3. Study Population
2.4. Variables
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | Total N | DD N (%) a | aOR (95% CI) b |
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
0–19 | 348 | 108 (31) | Reference |
20–39 | 931 | 409 (43.9) | 1.63 (1.15–2.31) |
40–64 | 966 | 532 (55.1) | 2.45 (1.67–3.59) |
≥65 | 438 | 286 (65.3) | 3.54 (2.31–5.42) |
Hospital catchment area | |||
Chuncheon | 904 | 407 (45) | Reference |
Sokcho | 360 | 176 (48.9) | 1.13 (0.88–1.45) |
Gangneung | 359 | 188 (52.4) | 1.27 (0.99–1.64) |
Donghae | 205 | 110 (53.7) | 1.40 (1.02–1.91) |
Yeongwol | 111 | 60 (54.1) | 1.29 (0.85–1.94) |
Wonju | 744 | 394 (53) | 1.41 (1.15–1.73) |
Time of diagnosis | |||
Phase 1 (20 January to 19 November 2020) | 25 | 12 (48) | 0.78 (0.35–1.77) |
Phase 2 (20 November 2020 to 6 July 2021) | 342 | 211 (61.7) | 1.63 (1.28–2.08) |
Phase 3 (7 July 2021 to 29 January 2021) | 2316 | 1112 (48) | Reference |
Symptom recognition on workdays vs. nonworkdays | |||
Weekday | 1946 | 937 (48.2) | Reference |
Public holiday, weekend | 737 | 398 (54) | 1.25 (1.05–1.49) |
Occupation group | |||
White collar | 567 | 269 (47.4) | Reference |
Pink collar | 434 | 224 (51.6) | 1.14 (0.89–1.48) |
Blue collar | 533 | 282 (52.9) | 1.22 (0.95–1.55) |
Student | 423 | 143 (33.8) | 1.05 (0.73–1.50) |
Economically inactive population | 726 | 417 (57.4) | 1.31 (1.03–1.67) |
Underlying disease | |||
Absent | 1889 | 878 (46.5) | Reference |
Present | 794 | 457 (57.6) | 1.01 (0.82–1.23) |
Variable | Total N | DD N (%) a | aOR (95% CI) b |
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
0–19 | 348 | 63 (18.1) | Reference |
20–39 | 931 | 237 (25.5) | 1.10 (0.73–1.67) |
40–64 | 966 | 343 (35.5) | 1.57 (1.01–2.45) |
≥65 | 438 | 197 (45) | 1.98 (1.23–3.19) |
Medical service area | |||
Chuncheon | 904 | 241 (26.7) | Reference |
Sokcho | 360 | 106 (29.4) | 1.12 (0.85–1.48) |
Gangneung | 359 | 117 (32.6) | 1.25 (0.95–1.64) |
Donghae | 205 | 68 (33.2) | 1.33 (0.95–1.86) |
Yeongwol | 111 | 42 (37.8) | 1.49 (0.97–2.29) |
Wonju | 744 | 266 (35.8) | 1.62 (1.30–2.02) |
Time of diagnosis | |||
Phase 1 (20 January to 19 November 2020) | 25 | 9 (36) | 1.07 (0.46–2.5) |
Phase 2 (20 November 2020 to 6 July 2021) | 342 | 156 (45.6) | 1.97 (1.55–2.51) |
Phase 3 (7 July 2021 to 29 January 2021) | 2316 | 675 (29.1) | Reference |
Symptom recognition on workdays vs. nonworkdays | |||
Weekday | 1946 | 603 (31) | Reference |
Public holiday, Weekend | 737 | 237 (32.2) | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) |
Occupation group | |||
White collar | 567 | 151 (26.6) | Reference |
Pink collar | 434 | 139 (32) | 1.25 (0.95–1.66) |
Blue collar | 533 | 187 (35.1) | 1.48 (1.14–1.93) |
Student | 423 | 72 (17) | 0.82 (0.53–1.26) |
Economically inactive population | 726 | 291 (40.1) | 1.65 (1.27–2.14) |
Underlying disease | |||
Absent | 528 (28) | 528 (28) | Reference |
Present | 312 (39.3) | 312 (39.3) | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) |
Variable | Total N | DD N (%) a | aOR (95% CI) b |
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
0–19 | 348 | 32 (9.2) | Reference |
20–39 | 931 | 149 (16) | 1.18 (0.70–2.00) |
40–64 | 966 | 235 (24.3) | 1.73 (0.99–3.01) |
≥65 | 438 | 143 (32.6) | 2.18 (1.22–3.91) |
Medical service area | |||
Chuncheon | 904 | 156 (17.3) | Reference |
Sokcho | 360 | 64 (17.8) | 1.02 (0.73–1.41) |
Gangneung | 359 | 87 (24.2) | 1.42 (1.04–1.94) |
Donghae | 205 | 48 (23.4) | 1.41 (0.97–2.07) |
Yeongwol | 111 | 25 (22.5) | 1.15 (0.70–1.90) |
Wonju | 744 | 179 (24.1) | 1.65 (1.28–2.12) |
Time of diagnosis | |||
Phase 1 (20 January to 19 November 2020) | 25 | 6 (24) | 1.08 (0.42–2.81) |
Phase 2 (20 November 2020 to 6 July 2021) | 342 | 126 (36.8) | 2.53 (1.96–3.27) |
Phase 3 (7 July 2021 to 29 January 2021) | 2316 | 427 (18.4) | Reference |
Symptom recognition on workdays vs. nonworkdays | |||
Weekday | 1946 | 400 (20.6) | Reference |
Public holiday, Weekend | 737 | 159 (21.6) | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) |
Occupation group | |||
White collar | 567 | 93 (16.4) | Reference |
Pink collar | 434 | 89 (20.5) | 1.26 (0.91–1.76) |
Blue collar | 533 | 133 (25) | 1.72 (1.27–2.33) |
Student | 423 | 35 (8.3) | 0.72 (0.42–1.25) |
Economically inactive population | 726 | 209 (28.8) | 1.88 (1.40–2.54) |
Underlying disease | |||
Absent | 528 (28) | Reference | |
Present | 312 (39.3) | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) |
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Time to Diagnosis (Number of Days) | Patients (N) | Patients (%) | Cumulative Ratio (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 2683 | 100 | |
0–1 | 584 | 21.8 | 21.8 |
2 | 764 | 28.5 | 50.3 |
3 | 495 | 18.4 | 68.7 |
4 | 281 | 10.5 | 79.2 |
5 | 177 | 6.6 | 85.8 |
6 | 97 | 3.6 | 89.4 |
7 | 102 | 3.8 | 93.2 |
≥8 | 183 | 6.8 | 100.0 |
Variable | Total N (%) a | Tested within 24 h of Symptom Onset N% b | DD (≥48 h after Symptom Onset) N% b | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total number of patients | 2683 (100) | 584 | 21.8 | 2099 | 78.2 | |
Age | <0.01 | |||||
0–19 | 348 (13) | 119 | 34.2 | 229 | 65.8 | |
20–39 | 931 (34.7) | 230 | 24.7 | 701 | 75.3 | |
40–64 | 966 (36) | 169 | 17.5 | 797 | 82.5 | |
≥65 | 438 (16.3) | 66 | 15.1 | 372 | 84.9 | |
Sex | 0.44 | |||||
Male | 1483 (55.3) | 331 | 22.3 | 1152 | 77.7 | |
Female | 1200 (44.7) | 253 | 21.1 | 947 | 78.9 | |
Medical service area | <0.01 | |||||
Chuncheon | 904 (33.7) | 221 | 24.4 | 683 | 75.6 | |
Sokcho | 360 (13.4) | 67 | 18.6 | 293 | 81.4 | |
Gangneung | 359 (13.4) | 94 | 26.2 | 265 | 73.8 | |
Donghae | 205 (7.6) | 43 | 21 | 162 | 79 | |
Yeongwol | 111 (4.1) | 19 | 17.1 | 92 | 82.9 | |
Wonju | 744 (27.7) | 140 | 18.8 | 604 | 81.2 | |
Time of diagnosis | <0.01 | |||||
Phase 1 (20 January to 19 November 2020) | 25 (0.9) | 6 | 24 | 19 | 76 | |
Phase 2 (20 November 2020 to 6 July 2021) | 342 (12.7) | 52 | 15.2 | 290 | 84.8 | |
Phase 3 (7 July 2021 to 29 January 2021) | 2316 (86.3) | 526 | 22.7 | 1790 | 77.3 | |
Symptom recognition on workdays vs. nonworkdays | ||||||
Weekday | 1946 (72.5) | 454 | 23.3 | 1492 | 76.7 | |
Public holiday, weekend | 737 (27.5) | 130 | 17.6 | 607 | 82.4 | |
Occupation group | <0.01 | |||||
White collar | 567 (21.1) | 147 | 25.9 | 420 | 74.1 | |
Pink collar | 434 (16.2) | 69 | 15.9 | 365 | 84.1 | |
Blue collar | 533 (19.9) | 106 | 19.9 | 427 | 80.1 | |
Student | 423(15.8) | 123 | 29.1 | 300 | 70.9 | |
Economically inactive population | 1149 (42.8) | 262 | 22.8 | 887 | 77.2 | |
Vaccination | 0.88 | |||||
Unvaccinated | 1228 (45.8) | 263 | 21.4 | 965 | 78.6 | |
Partially vaccinated | 258 (9.6) | 55 | 21.3 | 203 | 78.7 | |
Fully vaccinated | 1197 (44.6) | 266 | 22.2 | 931 | 77.8 |
Variable | Total N (%) a | Tested within 24 h of Symptom Onset N% b | DD (≥48 h after Symptom Onset) N% b | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total number of patients | 2683 (100) | 584 | 21.8 | 2099 | 78.2 | |
Number of symptoms | <0.01 | |||||
1 | 631 (23.5) | 158 | 25 | 473 | 75 | |
2 | 826 (30.8) | 204 | 24.7 | 622 | 75.3 | |
3 | 582 (21.7) | 106 | 18.2 | 476 | 81.8 | |
≥4 | 644 (24) | 116 | 18 | 528 | 82 | |
Symptom c | ||||||
Fever | 928 (34.6) | 271 | 29.2 | 657 | 70.8 | <0.001 |
Chills | 671 (25) | 131 | 19.5 | 540 | 80.5 | 0.1 |
Cough | 1273 (47.4) | 227 | 17.8 | 1046 | 82.2 | <0.001 |
Sputum | 659 (24.6) | 121 | 18.4 | 538 | 81.6 | 0.015 |
Difficulty breathing | 72 (2.7) | 10 | 13.9 | 62 | 86.1 | 0.1 |
Chest pain | 25 (0.9) | 1 | 4 | 24 | 96 | 0.031 |
Loss of consciousness | 2 (0.1) | 1 | 50 | 1 | 50 | 0.39 * |
Cyanosis | 1 (0) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 1.00 * |
Sore throat | 1111 (41.4) | 245 | 22.1 | 866 | 77.9 | 0.76 |
Headache | 688 (25.6) | 152 | 22.1 | 536 | 77.9 | 0.81 |
Myalgia | 834 (31.1) | 148 | 17.7 | 686 | 82.3 | 0.0007 |
Runny nose, nasal congestion | 443 (16.5) | 75 | 16.9 | 368 | 83.1 | 0.007 |
Fatigue | 27 (1) | 5 | 18.5 | 22 | 81.5 | 0.68 |
Diarrhea | 40 (1.5) | 7 | 17.5 | 33 | 82.5 | 0.51 |
Vomiting | 20 (0.7) | 3 | 15 | 17 | 85 | 0.59 * |
Anosmia/ageusia | 258 (9.6) | 29 | 11.2 | 229 | 88.8 | <0.001 |
Abdominal pain | 4 (0.1) | 2 | 50 | 2 | 50 | 0.21 * |
Dizziness | 30 (1.1) | 5 | 16.7 | 25 | 83.3 | 0.5 |
Loss of appetite | 8 (0.3) | 1 | 12.5 | 7 | 87.5 | 1.00 * |
Others | 22 (0.8) | 6 | 27.3 | 16 | 72.7 | 0.60 * |
Variable | Total N (%) a | Tested within 24 h of Symptom Onset N% b | DD (≥48 h after Symptom Onset) N% b | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 2683 (100) | 584 | 21.8 | 2099 | 78.2 | |
Underlying disease | ||||||
Present | 794 (29.6) | 136 | 17.1 | 658 | 82.9 | <0.01 |
High risk | 371 (13.8) | 73 | 19.7 | 298 | 80.3 | 0.29 |
High-risk pre-existing conditions c | ||||||
Diabetes | 203 (7.6) | 35 | 17.2 | 168 | 82.8 | 0.1 |
Cancer | 34 (1.3) | 6 | 17.6 | 28 | 82.4 | 0.56 |
Kidney dialysis | 8 (0.3) | 2 | 25 | 6 | 75 | 0.69 * |
Heart disease | 65 (2.4) | 13 | 20 | 52 | 80 | 0.73 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 31 (1.2) | 10 | 32.3 | 21 | 67.7 | 0.15 |
Asthma | 37 (1.4) | 11 | 29.7 | 26 | 70.3 | 0.24 |
Pulmonary disease | 25 (0.9) | 4 | 16 | 21 | 84 | 0.48 |
Liver disease | 6 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | 6 | 100 | 0.35 * |
Mental illness | 5 (0.2) | 2 | 40 | 3 | 60 | 1.00 * |
Dementia | 6 (0.2) | 1 | 16.7 | 5 | 83.3 | 1.00 * |
Others | 9 (0.3) | 2 | 22.2 | 7 | 77.8 | 1.00 * |
Other pre-existing conditions c | ||||||
Hypertension | 445 (16.6) | 66 | 14.8 | 379 | 85.2 | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 184 (6.9) | 19 | 10.3 | 165 | 89.7 | <0.001 |
Thyroid dysfunction | 27 (1) | 9 | 33.3 | 18 | 66.7 | 0.14 |
Others | 141 (5.3) | 27 | 19.1 | 114 | 80.9 | 0.44 |
Variable | Total N | DD N (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) a |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
0–19 | 348 | 229 (65.8) | Reference | Reference |
20–39 | 931 | 701 (75.3) | 1.58 (1.21–2.07) | 2.03 (1.39–2.95) |
40–64 | 966 | 797 (82.5) | 2.45 (1.86–3.23) | 3.12 (2.04–4.76) |
≥65 | 438 | 372 (84.9) | 2.93 (2.08–4.13) | 3.6 (2.21–5.88) |
Medical service area | ||||
Chuncheon | 904 | 683 (75.6) | Reference | Reference |
Sokcho | 360 | 293 (81.4) | 1.42 (1.04–1.92) | 1.3 (0.95–1.78) |
Gangneung | 359 | 265 (73.8) | 0.91 (0.69–1.21) | 0.83 (0.62–1.1) |
Donghae | 205 | 162 (79) | 1.22 (0.84–1.76) | 1.19 (0.82–1.74) |
Yeongwol | 111 | 92 (82.9) | 1.57 (0.93–2.63) | 1.41 (0.83–2.38) |
Wonju | 744 | 604 (81.2) | 1.4 (1.1–1.77) | 1.38 (1.08–1.76) |
Time of diagnosis | ||||
Phase 1 (20 January to 19 November 2020) | 25 | 19 (76) | 0.93 (0.37–2.34) | 0.69 (0.27–1.79) |
Phase 2 (20 November 2020 to 6 July 2021) | 342 | 290 (84.8) | 1.64 (1.2–2.24) | 1.57 (1.14–2.15) |
Phase 3 (7 July 2021 to 29 January 2021) | 2316 | 1790 (77.3) | Reference | Reference |
Symptom recognition on workdays vs. nonworkdays | ||||
Weekday | 1946 | 1492 (76.7) | Reference | Reference |
Public holiday, weekend | 737 | 607 (82.4) | 1.42 (1.14–1.76) | 1.41 (1.13–1.76) |
Occupation group | ||||
White collar | 567 | 420 (74.1) | Reference | Reference |
Pink collar | 434 | 365 (84.1) | 1.85 (1.35–2.55) | 1.84 (1.33–2.54) |
Blue collar | 533 | 427 (80.1) | 1.41 (1.06–1.87) | 1.43 (1.07–1.91) |
Student | 423 | 300 (70.9) | 0.85 (0.64–1.13) | 1.92 (1.28–2.88) |
Economically inactive population | 726 | 587 (80.9) | 1.48 (1.14–1.92) | 1.44 (1.08–1.92) |
Underlying disease | ||||
Absent | 1889 | 1441 (76.3) | Reference | Reference |
Present | 794 | 658 (82.9) | 1.50 (1.22–1.86) | 1.06 (0.82–1.36) |
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Share and Cite
Park, M.; Jeong, S.; Park, Y.; Kim, S.; Kim, Y.; Kim, E.; Kong, S.Y. Influencing Factors of Delayed Diagnosis of COVID-19 in Gangwon, South Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050641
Park M, Jeong S, Park Y, Kim S, Kim Y, Kim E, Kong SY. Influencing Factors of Delayed Diagnosis of COVID-19 in Gangwon, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(5):641. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050641
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Minhye, Seungmin Jeong, Yangjun Park, Saerom Kim, Yeojin Kim, Eunmi Kim, and So Yeon Kong. 2024. "Influencing Factors of Delayed Diagnosis of COVID-19 in Gangwon, South Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 5: 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050641